Use of the HSS and XMSS Hash-Based Signature Algorithms in Internet X.509 Public Key InfrastructureCryptoNext Securitydaniel.vangeest@cryptonext-security.comBSIkaveh.bashiri.ietf@gmail.comCisco Systemssfluhrer@cisco.comgenua GmbHietf@gazdag.deBSIkousidis.ietf@gmail.com
SEC
lampsHSSLMSXMSScertificateX.509PKIXstatefulhash-basedThis document specifies algorithm identifiers and ASN.1 encoding
formats for the following stateful Hash-Based Signature (HBS) schemes:
Hierarchical Signature System (HSS), eXtended Merkle Signature Scheme
(XMSS), and XMSSMT (a multi-tree variant of XMSS). This specification
applies to the Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) when
digital signatures are used to sign certificates and certificate
revocation lists (CRLs).Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by
the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further
information on Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of
RFC 7841.
Information about the current status of this document, any
errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
.
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Table of Contents
. Introduction
. Conventions and Definitions
. Use Cases of Stateful HBS Schemes in X.509
. Algorithm Identifiers and Parameters
. HSS Algorithm Identifier
. XMSS Algorithm Identifier
. XMSSMT Algorithm Identifier
. Public Key Identifiers
. HSS Public Keys
. XMSS Public Keys
. XMSSMT Public Keys
. Key Usage Bits
. Signature Algorithms
. HSS Signature Algorithm
. XMSS Signature Algorithm
. XMSSMT Signature Algorithm
. Key Generation
. ASN.1 Module
. Security Considerations
. Backup and Restore Management
. IANA Considerations
. References
. Normative References
. Informative References
. HSS X.509 v3 Certificate Example
. XMSS X.509 v3 Certificate Example
. XMSSMT X.509 v3 Certificate Example
Acknowledgments
Authors' Addresses
IntroductionStateful Hash-Based Signature (HBS) schemes such as the Hierarchical
Signature System (HSS), eXtended Merkle Signature Scheme (XMSS), and
XMSSMT combine Merkle trees with One-Time Signatures (OTS). This is
done in order to provide digital signature schemes that remain secure
even when quantum computers become available. Their theoretic security
is well understood and depends only on the security of the underlying
hash function. As such, they can serve as an important building block for
quantum computer resistant information and communication technology.A stateful HBS private key consists of a finite collection of OTS
keys, along with state information that tracks the usage of these keys
to ensure the security of the scheme. Only a limited number of messages
can be signed, and the private key's state must be updated and persisted
after signing to prevent reuse of OTS keys. While the right selection
of algorithm parameters would allow a private key to sign a virtually
unbounded number of messages (e.g., 260), this is at the cost
of a larger signature size and longer signing time. Because the private
key in stateful HBS schemes is stateful and the number of signatures
that can be generated is limited, these schemes may be unsuitable for
use in interactive protocols. However, in some use cases, the deployment
of stateful HBS schemes may be appropriate. Such use cases are described
and discussed in .Conventions and Definitions
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT",
"REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT",
"RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED",
"MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be
interpreted as described in BCP 14 when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as
shown here.
Use Cases of Stateful HBS Schemes in X.509As described in the Security Considerations in , it is imperative that stateful HBS
implementations do not reuse OTS signatures. This makes stateful HBS
algorithms inappropriate for general use cases. The exact conditions
under which stateful HBS certificates may be used is left to certificate
policies . However, the intended use of stateful
HBS schemes as described by can be used as a
guideline:
stateful HBS schemes are primarily intended for applications
with the following characteristics: 1) it is necessary to implement a
digital signature scheme in the near future; 2) the implementation
will have a long lifetime; and 3) it would not be practical to
transition to a different digital signature scheme once the
implementation has been deployed.
In addition, since a stateful HBS private key can only generate a
finite number of signatures, use cases for stateful HBS public keys in
certificates should have a predictable range of the number of signatures
that will be generated, falling safely below the maximum number of
signatures that a private key can generate.Use cases where stateful HBS public keys in certificates may be
appropriate due to the relatively small number of signatures generated
and the signer's ability to enforce security restrictions on the signing
environment include:
Firmware signing (see Section 1.1 of ,
, and Section 6.7 of )
Software signing ( and )
Certification Authority (CA) certificates
In each of these cases, the operator tightly controls their secured
signing environment and can mitigate OTS key reuse by employing state
management strategies such as those in . Also, for secure private key backup and
restoration, adequate mechanisms have to be implemented (see ).Generally speaking, stateful HBS public keys are not appropriate for
use in end-entity certificates, however, in the firmware and software
signing cases, signature generation will often be more tightly
controlled. Some manufactures use common and well-established key
formats like X.509 for their code signing and update mechanisms. Also,
there are multi-party Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystems where publicly
trusted code signing certificates are useful.In general, root CAs generate signatures in
a more secure environment and issue fewer certificates than subordinate
CAs . This makes the use of stateful HBS public
keys more appropriate in root CA certificates than in subordinate CA
certificates. However, if a subordinate CA can match the security and
signature count restrictions of a root CA, for example, if the
subordinate CA only issues code-signing certificates, then using a
stateful HBS public key in the subordinate CA certificate may be
practical.Algorithm Identifiers and ParametersIn this document, we define new Object Identifiers (OIDs) for
identifying the different stateful hash-based signature algorithms. An
additional OID is defined in and repeated here
for convenience.The AlgorithmIdentifier type is defined in as follows:
AlgorithmIdentifier{ALGORITHM-TYPE, ALGORITHM-TYPE:AlgorithmSet} ::=
SEQUENCE {
algorithm ALGORITHM-TYPE.&id({AlgorithmSet}),
parameters ALGORITHM-TYPE.
&Params({AlgorithmSet}{@algorithm}) OPTIONAL
}
The fields in AlgorithmIdentifier have the following meanings:
algorithm:
this identifies the cryptographic algorithm with an OID.
parameters:
these are optional and are the associated parameters for
the algorithm identifier in the algorithm field.
The parameters field of the AlgorithmIdentifier for HSS, XMSS, and
XMSSMT public keys MUST be absent.HSS Algorithm IdentifierThe OID and public key algorithm identifier for HSS
is defined in . The definitions are repeated
here for reference.The AlgorithmIdentifier for an HSS public key MUST
use the id-alg-hss-lms-hashsig OID.
id-alg-hss-lms-hashsig OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
iso(1) member-body(2) us(840) rsadsi(113549) pkcs(1) pkcs9(9)
smime(16) alg(3) 17 }
Note that the id-alg-hss-lms-hashsig algorithm identifier is also
referred to as id-alg-mts-hashsig. This synonym is based on the
terminology used in an early draft of the document that became .The public key and signature values identify the hash function and
the height used in the HSS tree. and define these values, and additional identifiers can be registered in the "Leighton-Micali Signatures (LMS)" registry .XMSS Algorithm IdentifierThe AlgorithmIdentifier for an XMSS public key MUST
use the id-alg-xmss-hashsig OID.
id-alg-xmss-hashsig OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1)
security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) algorithms(6) 34 }
The public key and signature values identify the hash function and
the height used in the XMSS tree. and define these values, and additional identifiers can be registered in the "Leighton-Micali Signatures (LMS)" registry .XMSSMT Algorithm IdentifierThe AlgorithmIdentifier for an XMSSMT public key
MUST use the id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig OID.
id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1)
security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) algorithms(6) 35 }
The public key and signature values identify the hash function and
the height used in the XMSSMT tree. and
define these values, and additional identifiers can be registered in the "Leighton-Micali Signatures (LMS)" registry
.Public Key IdentifiersCertificates conforming to can convey a
public key for any public key algorithm. The certificate indicates the
algorithm through an algorithm identifier. An algorithm identifier
consists of an OID and optional parameters. defines the encoding of HSS public keys, and
defines the encodings of XMSS and XMSSMT
public keys. When used in a SubjectPublicKeyInfo type, the
subjectPublicKey BIT STRING contains these encodings of the public
key.This document defines ASN.1 OCTET STRING types
for encoding the public keys when not used in a
SubjectPublicKeyInfo. The OCTET STRING is mapped to a subjectPublicKey
(a value of type BIT STRING) as follows: the most significant bit of the
OCTET STRING value becomes the most significant bit of the BIT STRING
value, and so on; the least significant bit of the OCTET STRING becomes
the least significant bit of the BIT STRING.HSS Public KeysThe HSS public key identifier is as follows:
pk-HSS-LMS-HashSig PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-alg-hss-lms-hashsig
-- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
PARAMS ARE absent
CERT-KEY-USAGE
{ digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, cRLSign } }
The HSS public key is defined as follows:
HSS-LMS-HashSig-PublicKey ::= OCTET STRING
defines the encoding of an HSS public key
using the hss_public_key structure. See and for more
information on the contents and format of an HSS public key. Note
that the Leighton-Micali Signature (LMS) single-tree signature
scheme is instantiated as HSS with the number of levels being equal
to 1.XMSS Public KeysThe XMSS public key identifier is as follows:
pk-XMSS-HashSig PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-alg-xmss-hashsig
-- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
PARAMS ARE absent
CERT-KEY-USAGE
{ digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, cRLSign } }
The XMSS public key is defined as follows:
XMSS-HashSig-PublicKey ::= OCTET STRING
defines the encoding of an XMSS public key using the
xmss_public_key structure. See and for more information
on the contents and format of an XMSS public key.XMSSMT Public KeysThe XMSSMT public key identifier is as follows:
pk-XMSSMT-HashSig PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig
-- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
PARAMS ARE absent
CERT-KEY-USAGE
{ digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, cRLSign } }
The XMSSMT public key is defined as follows:
XMSSMT-HashSig-PublicKey ::= OCTET STRING
defines the encoding of an XMSSMT public key using the
xmssmt_public_key structure. See and for more information
on the contents and format of an XMSSMT public key.Key Usage BitsThe intended application for the key is indicated in the keyUsage
certificate extension . When
id-alg-hss-lms-hashsig, id-alg-xmss-hashsig, or id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig
appears in the SubjectPublicKeyInfo field of a CA X.509 certificate
, the certificate key usage extension
MUST contain at least one of the following values:
digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, or cRLSign. However, it
MUST NOT contain other values.When id-alg-hss-lms-hashsig, id-alg-xmss-hashsig, or
id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig appears in the SubjectPublicKeyInfo field of an
end entity X.509 certificate , the certificate
key usage extension MUST contain at least one of the
following values: digitalSignature, nonRepudiation or cRLSign. However,
it MUST NOT contain other values.Signature AlgorithmsThe same OIDs used to identify HSS, XMSS, and XMSSMT public keys are
also used to identify their respective signatures. When these algorithm
identifiers appear in the algorithm field of an AlgorithmIdentifier, the
encoding MUST omit the parameters field. That is, the
AlgorithmIdentifier SHALL be a SEQUENCE of one component,
one of the OIDs defined in the following subsections.When the signature algorithm identifiers described in this document
are used to create a signature on a message, no digest algorithm is
applied to the message before signing. That is, the full data to be
signed is signed rather than a digest of the data.The format of an HSS signature is described in . The format of an XMSS signature
is described in , and the format of an XMSSMT signature is described
in . The octet
string representing the signature is encoded directly in a BIT STRING
without adding any additional ASN.1 wrapping. For the Certificate and
CertificateList structures, the octet string is encoded in the
"signatureValue" BIT STRING field.HSS Signature AlgorithmThe id-alg-hss-lms-hashsig OID is used to specify that an HSS
signature was generated on the full message, i.e., the message was not
hashed before being processed by the HSS signature algorithm.See and for more
information on the contents and format of an HSS signature.XMSS Signature AlgorithmThe id-alg-xmss-hashsig OID is used to specify that an XMSS
signature was generated on the full message, i.e., the message was not
hashed before being processed by the XMSS signature algorithm.See and for more
information on the contents and format of an XMSS signature.The signature generation MUST be performed according
to Section 7.2 of .XMSSMT Signature AlgorithmThe id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig OID is used to specify that an XMSSMT
signature was generated on the full message, i.e., the message was not
hashed before being processed by the XMSSMT signature algorithm.See and for more
information on the contents and format of an XMSSMT signature.The signature generation MUST be performed according
to Section 7.2 of .Key GenerationThe key generation for XMSS and XMSSMTMUST be
performed according to Section 7.2 of .ASN.1 ModuleFor reference purposes, the ASN.1 syntax is presented as an ASN.1
module here . Note that as per , certificates use the Distinguished Encoding Rules;
see . This ASN.1 module builds upon the
conventions established in . This module imports
objects from and .
X509-SHBS-2024
{ iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5)
mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0) id-mod-pkix1-shbs-2024(114) }
DEFINITIONS IMPLICIT TAGS ::= BEGIN
EXPORTS ALL;
IMPORTS
PUBLIC-KEY, SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM
FROM AlgorithmInformation-2009 -- [RFC5912]
{ iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1)
security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0)
id-mod-algorithmInformation-02(58) }
sa-HSS-LMS-HashSig, pk-HSS-LMS-HashSig
FROM MTS-HashSig-2013 -- [RFC9708]
{ iso(1) member-body(2) us(840) rsadsi(113549) pkcs(1) pkcs9(9)
id-smime(16) id-mod(0) id-mod-mts-hashsig-2013(64) };
--
-- Object Identifiers
--
-- id-alg-hss-lms-hashsig is defined in [RFC9708]
id-alg-xmss-hashsig OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5)
mechanisms(5) pkix(7) algorithms(6) 34 }
id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5)
mechanisms(5) pkix(7) algorithms(6) 35 }
--
-- Signature Algorithms and Public Keys
--
-- sa-HSS-LMS-HashSig is defined in [RFC9708]
sa-XMSS-HashSig SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-alg-xmss-hashsig
PARAMS ARE absent
PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-XMSS-HashSig }
SMIME-CAPS { IDENTIFIED BY id-alg-xmss-hashsig } }
sa-XMSSMT-HashSig SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig
PARAMS ARE absent
PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-XMSSMT-HashSig }
SMIME-CAPS { IDENTIFIED BY id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig } }
-- pk-HSS-LMS-HashSig is defined in [RFC9708]
pk-XMSS-HashSig PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-alg-xmss-hashsig
-- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
PARAMS ARE absent
CERT-KEY-USAGE
{ digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, cRLSign } }
XMSS-HashSig-PublicKey ::= OCTET STRING
pk-XMSSMT-HashSig PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig
-- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
PARAMS ARE absent
CERT-KEY-USAGE
{ digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, cRLSign } }
XMSSMT-HashSig-PublicKey ::= OCTET STRING
--
-- Public Key (pk-) Algorithms
--
PublicKeys PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
-- This expands PublicKeys from RFC 5912
pk-HSS-LMS-HashSig |
pk-XMSS-HashSig |
pk-XMSSMT-HashSig,
...
}
--
-- Signature Algorithms (sa-)
--
SignatureAlgs SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
-- This expands SignatureAlgorithms from RFC 5912
sa-HSS-LMS-HashSig |
sa-XMSS-HashSig |
sa-XMSSMT-HashSig,
...
}
END
Security ConsiderationsThe security requirements of MUST be taken into account.As stateful HBS private keys can only generate a limited number of
signatures, a user needs to be aware of the total number of signatures
they intend to generate in their use case; otherwise, they risk
exhausting the number of OTS keys in their private key.For stateful HBS schemes, it is crucial to stress the importance of
correct state management. If an attacker were able to obtain signatures
for two different messages created using the same OTS key, then it would
become computationally feasible for that attacker to create forgeries
. As noted in and , extreme care needs to be taken in order to
avoid the risk that an OTS key will be reused accidentally. This is a
new requirement that most developers will not be familiar with and
requires careful handling.Various strategies for a correct state management can be applied:
Implement a record of all signatures generated by a key pair
associated with a stateful HBS instance, for example, by logging the
OTS key indexes as signatures are generated. This record may be
stored outside the device that is used to generate the
signature. Check the record to prevent OTS key reuse before a new
signature is released. If OTS key reuse is detected, freeze all new
signature generation by the private key, re-audit previously
released signatures (possibly revoking the private key if previously
released signatures showed OTS key reuse), and perform a
post-failure audit.
Use a stateful HBS instance only for a moderate number of
signatures such that it is always practical to keep a consistent
record and be able to unambiguously trace back all generated
signatures.
Apply the state reservation strategy described in Section 5 of
, where upcoming states are reserved in
advance by the signer. In this way, the number of state
synchronizations between nonvolatile and volatile memory is
reduced.
Backup and Restore ManagementCertificate authorities have high demands in order to ensure the
availability of signature generation throughout the validity period of
signing key pairs.Some usual backup and restore strategies when using a stateless signature
scheme (e.g., SLH-DSA) are to:
duplicate private keying material and operate redundant signing
devices.
store and safeguard a copy of the private keying material such that
it can be used to set up a new signing device in case of technical
difficulties.
For stateful HBS schemes, such straightforward backup and restore
strategies will lead to OTS reuse with high probability as a correct
state management is not guaranteed. Strategies for maintaining
availability and keeping a correct state are described in Section 7 of
and .IANA ConsiderationsIANA has registered the following OID for the ASN.1 module (see ) in the "SMI Security for PKIX Module
Identifier" (1.3.6.1.5.5.7.0) registry:
Decimal
Description
References
114
id-mod-pkix1-shbs-2024
RFC 9802
IANA has registered the following entries in the "SMI Security for PKIX Algorithms"
(1.3.6.1.5.5.7.6) registry :
Decimal
Description
References
34
id-alg-xmss-hashsig
RFC 9802
35
id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig
RFC 9802
ReferencesNormative ReferencesKey words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement LevelsIn many standards track documents several words are used to signify the requirements in the specification. These words are often capitalized. This document defines these words as they should be interpreted in IETF documents. This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements.Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) ProfileThis memo profiles the X.509 v3 certificate and X.509 v2 certificate revocation list (CRL) for use in the Internet. An overview of this approach and model is provided as an introduction. The X.509 v3 certificate format is described in detail, with additional information regarding the format and semantics of Internet name forms. Standard certificate extensions are described and two Internet-specific extensions are defined. A set of required certificate extensions is specified. The X.509 v2 CRL format is described in detail along with standard and Internet-specific extensions. An algorithm for X.509 certification path validation is described. An ASN.1 module and examples are provided in the appendices. [STANDARDS-TRACK]New ASN.1 Modules for the Public Key Infrastructure Using X.509 (PKIX)The Public Key Infrastructure using X.509 (PKIX) certificate format, and many associated formats, are expressed using ASN.1. The current ASN.1 modules conform to the 1988 version of ASN.1. This document updates those ASN.1 modules to conform to the 2002 version of ASN.1. There are no bits-on-the-wire changes to any of the formats; this is simply a change to the syntax. This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is published for informational purposes.Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key WordsRFC 2119 specifies common key words that may be used in protocol specifications. This document aims to reduce the ambiguity by clarifying that only UPPERCASE usage of the key words have the defined special meanings.XMSS: eXtended Merkle Signature SchemeThis note describes the eXtended Merkle Signature Scheme (XMSS), a hash-based digital signature system that is based on existing descriptions in scientific literature. This note specifies Winternitz One-Time Signature Plus (WOTS+), a one-time signature scheme; XMSS, a single-tree scheme; and XMSS^MT, a multi-tree variant of XMSS. Both XMSS and XMSS^MT use WOTS+ as a main building block. XMSS provides cryptographic digital signatures without relying on the conjectured hardness of mathematical problems. Instead, it is proven that it only relies on the properties of cryptographic hash functions. XMSS provides strong security guarantees and is even secure when the collision resistance of the underlying hash function is broken. It is suitable for compact implementations, is relatively simple to implement, and naturally resists side-channel attacks. Unlike most other signature systems, hash-based signatures can so far withstand known attacks using quantum computers.Leighton-Micali Hash-Based SignaturesThis note describes a digital-signature system based on cryptographic hash functions, following the seminal work in this area of Lamport, Diffie, Winternitz, and Merkle, as adapted by Leighton and Micali in 1995. It specifies a one-time signature scheme and a general signature scheme. These systems provide asymmetric authentication without using large integer mathematics and can achieve a high security level. They are suitable for compact implementations, are relatively simple to implement, and are naturally resistant to side-channel attacks. Unlike many other signature systems, hash-based signatures would still be secure even if it proves feasible for an attacker to build a quantum computer.This document is a product of the Crypto Forum Research Group (CFRG) in the IRTF. This has been reviewed by many researchers, both in the research group and outside of it. The Acknowledgements section lists many of them.Use of the HSS/LMS Hash-Based Signature Algorithm in the Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)This document specifies the conventions for using the Hierarchical Signature System (HSS) / Leighton-Micali Signature (LMS) hash-based signature algorithm with the Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS). In addition, the algorithm identifier and public key syntax are provided. The HSS/LMS algorithm is one form of hash-based digital signature; it is described in RFC 8554. This document obsoletes RFC 8708.Recommendation for Stateful Hash-Based Signature SchemesInformation technology - Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1): Specification of basic notationITU-TInformation technology: ASN.1 encoding rules: Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER), Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER)ITU-TInformative ReferencesANSSI views on the Post-Quantum Cryptography transition (2023 follow up)Oops, I did it again - Security of One-Time Signatures under Two-Message Attacks.Cryptology ePrint Archive, Paper 2016/1042Quantum-safe cryptography - fundamentals, current developments and recommendationsThe Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite 2.0 and Quantum Computing FAQNational Security Agency (NSA)CYBER; State management for stateful authentication mechanismsLeighton-Micali Signatures (LMS)IANAXMSS: Extended Hash-Based SignaturesIANAState Management for Hash-Based SignaturesCryptology ePrint Archive, Paper 2016/357Algorithms and Identifiers for the Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) ProfileThis document specifies algorithm identifiers and ASN.1 encoding formats for digital signatures and subject public keys used in the Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure (PKI). Digital signatures are used to sign certificates and certificate revocation list (CRLs). Certificates include the public key of the named subject. [STANDARDS-TRACK]Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate Policy and Certification Practices FrameworkThis document presents a framework to assist the writers of certificate policies or certification practice statements for participants within public key infrastructures, such as certification authorities, policy authorities, and communities of interest that wish to rely on certificates. In particular, the framework provides a comprehensive list of topics that potentially (at the writer's discretion) need to be covered in a certificate policy or a certification practice statement. This document supersedes RFC 2527.Internet Security Glossary, Version 2This Glossary provides definitions, abbreviations, and explanations of terminology for information system security. The 334 pages of entries offer recommendations to improve the comprehensibility of written material that is generated in the Internet Standards Process (RFC 2026). The recommendations follow the principles that such writing should (a) use the same term or definition whenever the same concept is mentioned; (b) use terms in their plainest, dictionary sense; (c) use terms that are already well-established in open publications; and (d) avoid terms that either favor a particular vendor or favor a particular technology or mechanism over other, competing techniques that already exist or could be developed. This memo provides information for the Internet community.Algorithm Identifiers for Ed25519, Ed448, X25519, and X448 for Use in the Internet X.509 Public Key InfrastructureThis document specifies algorithm identifiers and ASN.1 encoding formats for elliptic curve constructs using the curve25519 and curve448 curves. The signature algorithms covered are Ed25519 and Ed448. The key agreement algorithms covered are X25519 and X448. The encoding for public key, private key, and Edwards-curve Digital Signature Algorithm (EdDSA) structures is provided.IANA Registration for the Cryptographic Algorithm Object Identifier RangeWhen the Curdle Security Working Group was chartered, a range of object identifiers was donated by DigiCert, Inc. for the purpose of registering the Edwards Elliptic Curve key agreement and signature algorithms. This donated set of OIDs allowed for shorter values than would be possible using the existing S/MIME or PKIX arcs. This document describes the donated range and the identifiers that were assigned from that range, transfers control of that range to IANA, and establishes IANA allocation policies for any future assignments within that range.Hash-based Signatures: State and Backup ManagementPQShieldBSIGoogleCrypto4A TechnologiesBSIStateful Hash-Based Signature Schemes (S-HBS) such as LMS, HSS, XMSS and XMSS^MT combine Merkle trees with One-Time Signatures (OTS) to provide signatures that are resistant against attacks using large- scale quantum computers. Unlike conventional stateless digital signature schemes, S-HBS have a state to keep track of which OTS keys have been used, as double-signing with the same OTS key allows forgeries. This document provides guidance and documents security considerations for the operational and technical aspects of deploying systems that rely on S-HBS. Management of the state of the S-HBS, including any handling of redundant key material, is a sensitive topic, and we discuss some approaches to handle the associated challenges. We also describe the challenges that need to be resolved before certain approaches should be considered.Work in ProgressSMI Security for PKIX AlgorithmsIANAHSS X.509 v3 Certificate ExampleThis section shows a self-signed X.509 v3 certificate using HSS.
Certificate:
Data:
Version: 3 (0x2)
Serial Number:
e8:91:d6:06:91:4f:ce:f3
Signature Algorithm: hss
Issuer: C = US, ST = VA, L = Herndon, O = Bogus CA
Validity
Not Before: May 14 08:58:11 2024 GMT
Not After : May 14 08:58:11 2034 GMT
Subject: C = US, ST = VA, L = Herndon, O = Bogus CA
Subject Public Key Info:
Public Key Algorithm: hss
hss public key:
PQ key material:
00:00:00:01:00:00:00:05:00:00:00:04:c0:96:12:
8b:ea:38:30:78:eb:f6:fb:43:d7:7f:9f:9e:81:39:
e2:7c:b9:34:4e:6e:53:19:f0:ee:68:75:85:83:d3:
2b:e9:7b:14:46:9e:4e:c5:e3:5a:18:0b:30:e5:13
X509v3 extensions:
X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
58:15:AB:F4:CF:03:69:02:60:7A:57:4D:C5:D5:B3:72:
8A:19:21:68
X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
58:15:AB:F4:CF:03:69:02:60:7A:57:4D:C5:D5:B3:72:
8A:19:21:68
X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical
CA:TRUE
X509v3 Key Usage: critical
Certificate Sign, CRL Sign
Signature Algorithm: hss
Signature Value:
00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:04:9c:37:52:ff:b9:d7:
df:f5:5b:01:ba:50:c2:50:cc:6f:f3:b1:73:df:0c:2a:ea:b3:
ed:96:1e:ce:e7:58:05:da:8d:a7:77:21:42:32:d9:f9:4a:4d:
f7:2b:18:2a:1c:5c:69:03:f3:1c:9c:95:6d:31:9a:c9:ca:84:
4d:ae:b3:8b:c3:71:ac:3f:87:51:be:38:b4:bf:d9:dc:90:1f:
1e:54:bd:f9:1a:65:70:d4:46:b6:ad:4d:6d:16:b9:fb:29:f4:
e3:86:42:4a:3f:a4:8f:01:84:9b:44:0b:23:22:9c:97:6d:d5:
b9:26:39:11:ab:46:82:bd:10:6c:b4:7a:64:ed:c7:40:b0:33:
f0:b5:81:1c:b4:41:54:9c:30:d9:d2:93:ba:48:8c:4f:d0:25:
41:60:7b:90:5e:12:20:b7:30:16:16:1e:b7:ee:d8:4b:ee:ed:
3c:70:fc:ff:36:18:aa:24:23:87:91:65:a8:95:2d:b6:1c:d1:
02:7b:70:81:8a:18:17:c0:45:62:fe:47:a1:3e:69:54:31:67:
58:9a:e1:e3:c9:8d:ee:1e:2a:d1:46:75:e9:e4:90:67:01:57:
92:54:db:b4:ea:de:8b:e7:eb:fc:27:80:9b:d5:da:e0:8e:b0:
b3:08:ca:6f:a1:1c:f4:40:65:b0:f6:f8:c9:a7:97:04:c8:7c:
9e:56:ec:2f:4b:cd:45:8b:d7:e6:a7:50:c7:e6:21:2c:17:31:
23:11:7a:ae:9a:b5:84:5f:e6:5c:82:99:a8:3a:a9:91:87:9a:
24:5c:83:01:91:7c:fc:cd:be:2e:92:50:fb:12:11:96:08:0d:
c9:24:0d:bb:6f:fb:59:05:af:7f:96:bc:a3:f4:58:e2:fa:0a:
4a:f2:4c:f7:b3:1b:81:dd:4a:41:a0:b1:dd:52:4c:bb:6d:c0:
a8:d9:bb:29:c8:fc:e3:7e:f8:6a:e5:5e:c4:e4:e8:7c:0b:00:
87:15:75:a2:06:50:97:c6:1f:14:52:79:04:a8:9c:ec:b1:c7:
6a:46:33:98:b8:63:f7:a7:2c:d4:62:78:94:1c:5d:9d:4f:a6:
0a:ae:39:50:85:b2:09:8d:62:c9:4c:11:9f:0c:91:a5:ac:2d:
11:bd:71:b6:0c:ea:34:98:53:fc:2e:cc:7b:a4:9c:2e:7a:a4:
8d:e2:e8:8c:01:a9:9c:3e:b5:34:77:33:82:01:d4:ef:72:04:
d6:5b:e5:f6:2c:1b:ae:86:c4:73:02:44:85:d6:f7:ac:a3:e8:
f6:a9:b5:5c:6d:46:88:da:55:b8:2b:7a:4c:0c:9a:e7:cd:5d:
62:8a:ca:c8:96:ce:8d:71:7b:d2:c1:0d:9a:35:55:2b:84:3e:
0e:a5:fa:d6:a0:76:8e:23:b3:df:c9:3b:4f:68:56:1e:e9:3c:
79:5b:d3:25:54:11:ad:a6:ac:58:11:49:8f:4d:c4:c1:39:99:
76:3a:a6:d1:2f:57:ad:bf:7c:9d:57:cc:37:0d:29:84:29:7b:
cb:46:85:c3:81:c5:33:9a:65:c3:2f:01:48:ca:44:6c:f1:84:
3d:d0:49:c2:c1:05:db:77:4c:b9:72:3d:6f:ce:69:f2:91:c6:
15:25:8f:da:38:7e:ef:5b:3e:5f:35:ab:a6:78:16:28:42:c1:
2c:2f:9e:11:53:2c:bd:c4:24:7b:e9:c4:ce:3d:d6:41:c7:5d:
92:91:c3:37:cb:72:44:d7:0d:70:85:13:0b:ac:b3:0f:b0:e5:
e3:2e:48:b9:9c:b8:d7:3e:7c:50:69:03:7a:5f:ae:f8:6c:09:
61:97:6b:ce:cd:e5:f0:55:fe:05:f8:97:1d:9e:81:65:f5:ff:
9a:7a:8c:96:d8:f8:cf:d8:dc:55:ce:67:7a:00:6b:fd:bb:3f:
1b:3d:65:94:c1:5a:b6:a0:8e:be:a4:be:26:90:5f:1f:06:d4:
ea:3f:a6:97:40:8e:bf:18:5c:92:0f:15:e3:05:4a:14:51:1e:
23:81:ef:cf:f7:a8:88:75:f8:2d:28:37:26:87:27:63:5c:01:
53:0e:5e:53:d2:a7:18:eb:2f:c0:82:49:05:b0:4d:33:6f:94:
10:91:77:f8:90:9e:ca:fe:bb:3d:c4:42:d6:89:84:98:42:f4:
24:b3:b4:db:5e:2b:66:a9:ff:6c:18:d4:79:f8:72:73:53:9b:
02:ed:04:73:77:a4:68:cf:4b:be:4b:16:50:62:87:f9:49:99:
e3:a1:0c:42:92:bc:a9:e3:2d:22:82:35:7f:71:15:88:70:6a:
01:ab:44:64:ad:e5:52:d4:97:ee:bb:44:7b:6e:08:7f:dd:94:
fd:c9:1c:6b:59:d1:92:51:29:03:ce:ec:bf:41:a5:14:69:54:
3a:b4:39:d9:44:5d:f1:b2:f4:5c:6b:9f:c9:5f:bb:fc:c8:c7:
a3:8b:e1:ec:e2:d0:69:5a:40:1c:9c:9d:8a:3d:77:3b:c1:5d:
c0:72:61:4b:37:c5:96:8c:6d:8b:f8:56:da:ac:3e:3c:72:09:
ce:f6:c3:fe:5d:cf:37:d9:68:cd:a7:dd:f7:96:63:da:8c:1d:
df:b8:32:cf:eb:97:11:83:fe:6b:aa:b9:e2:4b:b2:ea:62:73:
c3:1c:e9:40:90:56:4f:12:c3:ba:f4:2b:d9:1c:50:cc:e0:51:
d8:eb:bf:67:28:0c:2d:13:8d:b3:6f:13:6a:1d:a7:54:20:ba:
82:5b:b8:e5:1f:89:f1:67:26:c1:dc:1b:60:57:ed:a6:2c:f2:
17:01:7f:a5:e7:5c:64:c9:3c:08:f2:cf:48:ec:88:84:ef:03:
c2:f5:eb:05:31:7d:fe:7f:3c:71:41:28:17:64:5f:b9:ec:54:
79:d0:b3:98:fb:84:9c:36:8b:43:0b:d4:c9:ec:09:4a:70:13:
62:f2:36:c8:b4:75:cc:2a:77:08:a0:9d:ef:19:d6:88:dc:e2:
b2:4e:40:61:71:cb:c7:c3:de:16:6f:49:7f:5e:d5:17:00:00:
00:05:79:47:12:9f:ce:eb:1d:a8:fd:0d:b0:18:44:6a:ef:54:
28:46:e4:19:f6:2d:3e:74:bb:9d:36:0a:ae:67:4a:28:7a:1b:
80:39:a0:08:2a:28:a0:ec:55:ee:55:aa:a1:cc:94:d4:36:1a:
b3:57:25:30:ad:2c:5e:63:ba:22:fc:aa:7a:59:64:f6:d8:03:
20:28:71:f9:dc:09:fa:4c:81:b9:64:1b:ad:ea:cb:db:18:17:
5d:d8:98:bd:d2:8d:c5:04:7c:5b:92:9a:89:f6:bc:d6:55:c7:
08:5d:3c:58:8e:18:ac:6f:88:a8:d7:9e:d4:ee:5d:f5:21:4e:
a5:8b:19:5f:e3:f4:66:f9:25:4d:f9:c6:60:62:31:72:5c:34:
34:67:1a:a7:6a:7d:54:a3:d8:9b:1f:5b:f8:08:41:79:5b:43
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
XMSS X.509 v3 Certificate ExampleThis section shows a self-signed X.509 v3 certificate using XMSS.
Certificate:
Data:
Version: 3 (0x2)
Serial Number:
54:7e:64:70:29:9e:03:c5:7a:a5:5c:78:d1:27:87:8c:
54:35:17:5d
Signature Algorithm: xmss
Issuer: C = FR, L = Paris, O = Bogus XMSS CA
Validity
Not Before: Jul 10 08:27:24 2024 GMT
Not After : Jul 8 08:27:24 2034 GMT
Subject: C = FR, L = Paris, O = Bogus XMSS CA
Subject Public Key Info:
Public Key Algorithm: xmss
xmss public key:
PQ key material:
00:00:00:01:2b:eb:bf:66:14:de:6f:96:5b:4d:2a:
50:00:7b:ad:5c:22:b0:13:79:72:02:14:a9:5f:fc:
96:e0:9b:78:8e:d6:be:8c:1c:70:3c:d8:dd:78:b2:
1a:14:47:be:1f:0d:74:72:3f:36:76:c2:cb:19:ad:
29:90:0b:82:de:9b:7f:df
X509v3 extensions:
X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
62:CE:35:A5:47:77:FF:21:87:2E:BC:2D:27:E7:8E:F4:
35:6B:CF:D8
X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
62:CE:35:A5:47:77:FF:21:87:2E:BC:2D:27:E7:8E:F4:
35:6B:CF:D8
X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical
CA:TRUE
X509v3 Key Usage: critical
Certificate Sign, CRL Sign
Signature Algorithm: xmss
Signature Value:
00:00:00:00:e5:88:a8:b8:73:ad:4d:92:f8:5c:81:c5:8a:63:
57:6a:a7:3b:54:aa:b6:06:8a:d9:f1:c2:0b:c8:27:1e:4b:a2:
cf:e2:da:44:ea:e8:f2:40:a8:b9:54:9c:49:36:12:24:df:74:
ad:e5:29:ef:4f:da:88:0d:21:5d:3b:64:63:27:d0:84:b5:95:
7a:30:18:37:cd:34:17:dd:ac:9d:9e:48:db:74:07:79:84:21:
5a:f0:26:cd:21:64:7b:77:33:48:58:67:9b:2c:b2:85:6d:cc:
ec:31:4b:2f:51:55:3a:85:e1:ca:04:15:ce:6e:47:39:f5:e9:
31:45:41:ed:71:c6:4f:96:f5:ae:64:6a:bd:72:d0:8c:17:02:
99:10:1d:14:34:ca:e5:47:e3:f7:66:96:96:11:d5:97:76:76:
83:f1:84:a5:b6:00:5e:3e:67:97:7a:32:dc:c8:eb:4c:29:46:
77:99:d6:da:45:e6:7b:8c:45:6d:b5:29:6b:fd:98:a2:89:8d:
0c:30:42:f5:0b:7c:97:c5:b1:1d:e2:da:67:a9:48:a4:9e:29:
f4:60:3f:4d:1d:48:83:82:38:ef:fa:cb:1d:86:11:a1:15:94:
fb:d5:ee:68:f9:44:b9:3d:54:70:f3:be:17:8d:d7:2e:85:2d:
5c:d0:a0:c5:99:52:cc:79:e7:1c:18:d9:6e:3d:0f:6c:05:51:
33:28:35:e2:02:59:5f:1f:ed:78:0a:c6:62:f0:7d:fe:73:96:
03:4c:b4:42:e3:00:c2:d7:cb:eb:51:10:c4:0c:64:b8:37:fe:
85:d0:8e:11:6d:a6:16:77:b1:1e:01:d9:1e:f3:10:9c:dd:01:
bc:38:75:5e:8f:58:9e:5b:6c:7b:0a:41:08:59:35:a9:3a:83:
19:e0:7d:a1:f5:cf:a3:1c:4e:07:e1:ad:03:95:f2:d3:8b:79:
33:f8:52:22:53:1b:1e:32:9a:61:3f:c4:7c:9a:e8:d5:b5:28:
f1:84:65:d5:c1:fc:4d:16:93:88:93:69:ca:fa:94:a0:95:4e:
23:ae:1e:60:e0:e8:b4:bf:ff:16:95:71:0f:31:74:bb:be:b8:
5a:eb:24:95:8b:95:28:13:cd:e3:a9:65:f7:f5:6e:9b:a9:a9:
7a:05:ce:ab:f0:54:62:d9:12:f8:a1:1a:68:df:af:15:8f:8a:
df:67:27:c9:ed:bd:e1:81:a6:8d:9a:84:f3:91:36:d9:89:74:
8e:ef:84:dc:5c:03:1a:08:e4:d7:f0:72:fc:6d:8a:01:34:94:
e5:ff:08:51:1b:80:5f:e7:07:d8:9f:25:e4:1d:c3:f8:e5:d0:
9c:50:cf:66:71:f9:cc:f7:c0:a7:d0:66:01:b7:17:a0:5f:66:
97:a4:ff:62:ac:1c:a0:63:0d:30:28:e9:90:d5:59:a4:48:d8:
07:87:02:4b:3f:68:23:a5:04:dc:b3:d7:45:f6:dc:b0:ec:c6:
90:a6:1c:a1:f8:7e:84:ba:63:7e:5a:64:14:78:58:f5:75:c0:
f5:e1:1d:bd:49:57:c0:40:08:07:99:7f:43:2e:e2:25:d8:ed:
a3:1a:e3:78:f1:78:af:02:49:54:36:59:8e:d3:72:a5:0b:52:
32:bd:17:a2:cf:e1:47:21:28:3d:ba:b6:24:d9:18:f9:44:73:
35:ed:29:a4:18:bc:ed:68:cd:4a:9a:34:cb:1a:2f:b3:5f:ba:
73:9b:18:ee:7a:a8:92:25:65:25:81:04:63:1c:22:2b:b8:ba:
81:21:bc:f9:9d:a8:78:98:75:bc:ed:4a:c6:b7:6f:c0:91:24:
eb:1d:f9:5d:e0:e3:78:4e:05:f6:34:0f:7b:41:54:49:20:a2:
30:66:94:f1:da:c1:6c:3f:5e:10:92:92:a3:0c:7e:e8:8b:26:
11:1c:d7:68:c9:31:79:b3:a4:d5:63:00:68:c3:e3:86:2d:09:
92:4b:2d:63:7d:b8:03:a4:4c:60:b4:2c:12:d5:0b:9f:16:28:
ea:88:2f:bb:1c:19:0b:0f:40:3d:67:e8:0b:fa:c6:e3:39:44:
b2:bd:8a:3f:21:dd:aa:ec:a3:8c:48:dd:4c:99:43:86:d7:48:
81:6b:e5:b9:bb:59:9f:1c:0f:3f:11:f7:7c:4b:67:a8:95:c2:
7c:cb:3b:66:b0:79:a6:55:6f:6d:b0:29:8a:5e:7b:ee:30:68:
f3:dd:41:29:91:f6:79:71:ae:8d:21:70:78:1d:5d:d2:f7:cf:
e7:42:38:d1:8c:52:a6:a6:f6:b1:38:b1:2b:23:81:e1:1f:21:
6d:99:3f:10:eb:b1:a9:73:b8:3e:31:99:cc:dd:2b:df:58:27:
db:0b:5a:29:99:8f:b1:9f:e9:31:42:d0:26:db:53:b7:7e:30:
41:95:c3:f0:07:83:bb:b0:63:b5:16:48:f2:a6:60:2f:32:5d:
22:a1:da:76:4e:37:26:53:0d:95:7b:2d:b9:05:2f:93:2b:d4:
df:c1:02:5b:f7:a5:a2:4f:11:5c:80:f4:f0:bd:c7:ea:3c:db:
6f:e2:eb:6c:7f:c3:58:d9:31:77:4b:4d:f7:ce:bb:d6:c8:64:
a3:01:d5:f9:a4:8d:e8:f0:ee:09:06:2c:0b:3c:ac:0a:57:d8:
e4:81:79:ea:4a:bd:51:03:88:4c:d0:4c:0b:c4:0c:7e:2d:e7:
df:1b:67:62:c0:d1:9c:ad:bb:d3:f0:75:dd:83:aa:70:99:2c:
19:78:3d:26:2b:47:6f:24:c1:60:02:1e:4b:75:04:91:1f:08:
1c:b3:79:a0:9b:db:fb:5d:3f:c7:e3:09:1f:41:3e:64:bb:ad:
19:3d:35:e1:a6:f4:69:0b:a2:04:37:42:95:c6:c7:e5:f4:56:
0e:67:5b:78:34:bb:07:f1:8f:e7:73:5b:87:d7:df:c9:2d:8d:
8c:42:76:87:15:85:4b:23:03:20:34:e1:1b:f6:0c:1e:84:53:
d9:1b:4e:d9:31:43:38:3b:88:12:84:d8:2a:38:b1:ce:0f:c7:
07:d4:63:2d:97:89:1c:b3:44:99:eb:d4:df:32:74:be:0d:63:
11:22:fd:fa:8e:e2:0b:56:12:56:0c:46:16:ad:44:10:26:98:
dc:cf:c9:95:67:3e:11:c1:76:fa:b8:12:ea:96:f6:d9:91:ac:
bf:49:b9:1c:8e:15:05:53:ac:9e:04:d2:5b:b8:87:bf:81:50:
f7:02:a4:c0:9c:18:0f:45:ac:7a:82:cf:46:15:42:40:09:32:
89:a5:ea:90:a5:99:68:f9:93:0c:7b:d6:7a:a8:e9:51:e2:90:
9e:b9:ed:21:db:d9:7e:de:dc:62:6b:44:6b:9f:81:c5:77:39:
8e:1d:78:30:de:dc:53:80:e0:c3:fa:fa:94:68:28:91:98:86:
ff:86:04:a9:bd:58:7c:31:37:1f:db:9a:29:f3:c1:48:10:20:
71:5f:fc:35:13:eb:7b:12:e2:7d:1c:cc:97:fe:8f:5c:a2:dd:
f6:d2:a3:b2:ea:51:b3:ef:b1:1e:79:0b:00:53:f4:f2:52:75:
5a:d7:17:c5:31:a0:54:4e:2b:28:2c:4f:6b:7a:27:3a:2c:04:
da:b3:1d:04:4e:a4:4e:94:5c:a8:91:70:ab:c0:4b:75:9f:b3:
6a:a9:4e:8a:22:e9:7f:fd:ec:53:e7:6a:6d:32:0b:8b:ab:4c:
e7:7d:72:ec:04:62:1c:1a:45:1e:33:8e:37:ae:6a:2f:c8:fb:
f3:69:ed:11:01:f3:f4:57:e9:29:d5:3b:0c:9c:0c:c4:cb:c3:
38:5c:01:e7:d6:31:c3:d8:ce:24:d7:be:71:9b:c8:96:13:ca:
5c:5d:e4:92:40:af:86:a0:4b:ff:a7:55:39:70:fd:ac:0a:e1:
87:c7:01:4b:c3:41:36:c6:c6:33:8f:4f:25:4a:8d:70:92:ac:
7c:95:cc:49:a9:dc:d6:6a:67:52:a5:5b:7f:2f:bb:91:e3:be:
d6:28:fc:22:d0:72:66:e8:09:73:a7:23:c6:a6:89:38:0b:e5:
d0:b3:f1:40:38:9c:4d:17:96:11:17:44:ef:e3:94:51:91:4c:
5d:fe:d9:ed:c3:76:a0:2d:3b:dc:8d:b9:31:15:f6:75:58:74:
2f:57:b4:29:21:29:6d:5f:eb:06:71:0a:f4:db:ff:c6:2f:16:
73:a7:76:6b:d0:5b:a7:21:5c:fd:f0:11:e8:6f:9b:d0:c9:c9:
fe:35:76:4a:4a:63:9b:ba:48:ac:af:4f:91:67:9c:5c:47:d8:
e3:2d:03:12:5e:f1:cb:56:34:75:69:95:ad:68:96:6c:e7:4a:
91:72:fb:9b:ba:e8:92:56:fb:9a:5b:5d:3b:9d:d3:c5:c4:52:
42:1b:f9:4a:47:42:dd:77:49:da:2b:bd:d7:94:5f:7b:b8:64:
b9:06:32:7c:ea:d1:36:f6:95:b8:57:41:1b:6e:66:31:2c:ee:
87:7a:5c:19:2f:d8:95:4a:16:93:48:f3:97:25:3d:24:61:1e:
d0:63:37:ee:3a:c9:a3:46:c5:94:a0:7e:24:cc:7f:72:8d:14:
9e:3c:33:ec:cd:9a:dd:b5:08:90:98:19:95:85:38:ff:ff:d2:
1e:bf:a6:c4:97:13:2b:3d:47:e9:57:59:d3:7d:99:01:6e:53:
4d:c0:82:97:fb:89:d6:7c:b7:23:0e:7d:6e:23:88:53:06:8f:
16:ff:40:0a:1b:cd:d5:1e:91:01:3e:77:3a:5f:c1:57:3a:7b:
c6:d5:51:d7:e2:ec:89:12:6b:9d:03:e4:9d:bb:7d:4e:02:bf:
67:8d:03:ca:90:56:f0:9a:97:4b:02:2d:4c:31:89:82:76:97:
fe:2f:d5:0a:3d:ea:0d:38:6c:30:75:5f:ae:91:53:d7:45:64:
df:ba:0b:22:80:44:85:6d:0e:5c:29:7f:82:9e:54:a3:7a:95:
be:96:79:66:9d:5b:a2:d6:2e:47:c6:99:7d:2b:32:dc:f2:b6:
02:91:6d:63:d4:93:45:60:c4:42:71:10:9e:fb:90:2f:e6:75:
71:ce:78:70:c1:da:ff:e1:47:fe:79:2b:8e:9a:81:bf:dd:02:
e3:78:39:71:17:b3:23:14:11:9d:29:8e:21:a1:98:b0:ac:03:
5a:6c:9e:62:64:ef:4f:03:ca:37:a6:ed:e4:78:d5:0d:99:29:
f5:5c:61:e6:48:cb:97:0e:5e:f9:2c:f6:b6:c7:7c:0c:a4:f7:
1a:f7:67:b5:5c:03:bf:bf:7a:e2:4d:a2:9b:5d:5d:5f:51:d0:
d6:52:8f:2a:20:68:08:bb:f0:9c:05:0e:ef:b3:49:0c:2a:1d:
8f:f9:03:b7:61:09:71:88:7d:e2:8c:e4:b8:ac:98:1b:c3:80:
55:a1:6b:dd:13:a2:29:4f:93:93:d3:d5:01:31:3f:7b:39:0e:
3a:57:6c:eb:5c:6a:5f:1b:ad:97:bd:97:23:18:91:05:0e:2b:
b4:b1:11:ee:f8:58:c7:08:d0:de:a2:3e:ba:54:8d:3d:63:da:
91:50:3a:24:8d:19:18:23:2e:cf:30:8d:5d:e3:e7:02:93:fa:
c8:f8:ea:05:e6:eb:06:80:90:4d:15:58:3d:26:98:13:4b:b0:
ac:dd:90:2e:d0:e1:eb:71:32:83:5d:2a:a9:b9:b5:24:fc:e9:
ec:18:ca:c9:a1:05:59:3e:fa:af:ed:4e:86:b1:fe:40:47:9b:
42:77:af:9c:2b:a0:e2:3e:fd:51:ab:02:77:e8:f1:39:45:aa:
54:b6:14:d4:14:20:fc:36:81:e6:04:98:8a:a0:c0:8a:cf:ae:
f6:b5:dc:b7:eb:26:86:d3:cf:1c:38:65:54:04:b1:b5:09:48:
f5:2d:07:ba:f8:eb:49:bd:d9:b1:54:ea:ac:c2:0d:20:10:79:
c1:cb:e9:dc:2d:ff:55:50:4f:f6:05:02:78:31:33:6f:15:7e:
24:5a:66:23:70:b3:b2:0c:17:39:ce:15:38:c5:ff:60:16:38:
60:74:72:c9:70:d8:59:b7:80:7f:da:f6:67:3f:d0:ba:be:1b:
a1:87:da:92:2d:a3:6c:99:29:57:aa:cb:d1:8d:66:f1:2d:c9:
56:60:24:56:4b:19:9f:f5:65:84:89:86:7d:4d:8b:f8:5b:60:
dd:af:2d:66:76:6c:66:d9:c6:f5:39:25:6c:e5:7b:43:97:64:
5c:c5:20:1e:3d:b5:dc:92:b2:9c:d8:1b:1b:e0:bc:44:7b:9c:
95:c5:53:48:91:b2:a5:46:16:bf:50:af:a5:44:cc:54:78:3f:
ed:20:d8:2e:0b:41:3d:f1:04:9d:df:3c:4a:d7:81:04:ff:8c:
b7:79:f8:51:8d:b7:2e:ac:2c:54:e6:fc:43:76:8e:f9:be:8c:
b8:5c:ad:c4:13:af:b0:6e:3b:d1:82:57:1e:f5:52:84:ca:cc:
d2:68:f3:2d:04:ff:27:0a:e6:a2:fa:c0:a9:97:d6:64:45:18:
5c:6f:9e:c1:64:22:66:db:56:02:c3:a8:57:fc:87:1b:5c:43:
15:8e:58:fc:f2:00:0b:4f:6a:4b:a0:5c:da:f2:e5:1b:82:4a:
6b:ef:db:63:d7:7d:93:1d:2f:20:78:37:17:22:82:cd:6b:c1:
83:61:05:81:99:0c:25:29:d6:5f:22:bc:06:67:7d:67
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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qWX39W6bqal6Bc6r8FRi2RL4oRpo368Vj4rfZyfJ7b3hgaaNmoTzkTbZiXSO74Tc
XAMaCOTX8HL8bYoBNJTl/whRG4Bf5wfYnyXkHcP45dCcUM9mcfnM98Cn0GYBtxeg
X2aXpP9irBygYw0wKOmQ1VmkSNgHhwJLP2gjpQTcs9dF9tyw7MaQphyh+H6EumN+
WmQUeFj1dcD14R29SVfAQAgHmX9DLuIl2O2jGuN48XivAklUNlmO03KlC1IyvRei
z+FHISg9urYk2Rj5RHM17SmkGLztaM1KmjTLGi+zX7pzmxjueqiSJWUlgQRjHCIr
uLqBIbz5nah4mHW87UrGt2/AkSTrHfld4ON4TgX2NA97QVRJIKIwZpTx2sFsP14Q
kpKjDH7oiyYRHNdoyTF5s6TVYwBow+OGLQmSSy1jfbgDpExgtCwS1QufFijqiC+7
HBkLD0A9Z+gL+sbjOUSyvYo/Id2q7KOMSN1MmUOG10iBa+W5u1mfHA8/Efd8S2eo
lcJ8yztmsHmmVW9tsCmKXnvuMGjz3UEpkfZ5ca6NIXB4HV3S98/nQjjRjFKmpvax
OLErI4HhHyFtmT8Q67Gpc7g+MZnM3SvfWCfbC1opmY+xn+kxQtAm21O3fjBBlcPw
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PNtv4utsf8NY2TF3S033zrvWyGSjAdX5pI3o8O4JBiwLPKwKV9jkgXnqSr1RA4hM
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25op88FIECBxX/w1E+t7EuJ9HMyX/o9cot320qOy6lGz77EeeQsAU/TyUnVa1xfF
MaBUTisoLE9reic6LATasx0ETqROlFyokXCrwEt1n7NqqU6KIul//exT52ptMguL
q0znfXLsBGIcGkUeM443rmovyPvzae0RAfP0V+kp1TsMnAzEy8M4XAHn1jHD2M4k
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G83VHpEBPnc6X8FXOnvG1VHX4uyJEmudA+Sdu31OAr9njQPKkFbwmpdLAi1MMYmC
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xpl9KzLc8rYCkW1j1JNFYMRCcRCe+5Av5nVxznhwwdr/4Uf+eSuOmoG/3QLjeDlx
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S7Cs3ZAu0OHrcTKDXSqpubUk/OnsGMrJoQVZPvqv7U6Gsf5AR5tCd6+cK6DiPv1R
qwJ36PE5RapUthTUFCD8NoHmBJiKoMCKz672tdy36yaG088cOGVUBLG1CUj1LQe6
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FjhgdHLJcNhZt4B/2vZnP9C6vhuhh9qSLaNsmSlXqsvRjWbxLclWYCRWSxmf9WWE
iYZ9TYv4W2Ddry1mdmxm2cb1OSVs5XtDl2RcxSAePbXckrKc2Bsb4LxEe5yVxVNI
kbKlRha/UK+lRMxUeD/tINguC0E98QSd3zxK14EE/4y3efhRjbcurCxU5vxDdo75
voy4XK3EE6+wbjvRglce9VKEyszSaPMtBP8nCuai+sCpl9ZkRRhcb57BZCJm21YC
w6hX/IcbXEMVjlj88gALT2pLoFza8uUbgkpr79tj132THS8geDcXIoLNa8GDYQWB
mQwlKdZfIrwGZ31n
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
XMSSMT X.509 v3 Certificate ExampleThis section shows a self-signed X.509 v3 certificate using XMSSMT.
Certificate:
Data:
Version: 3 (0x2)
Serial Number:
5c:22:ad:8a:06:51:9e:67:02:6a:2d:43:3e:8b:c7:23:
43:77:80:c8
Signature Algorithm: xmssmt
Issuer: C = FR, L = Paris, O = Bogus XMSSMT CA
Validity
Not Before: Jul 10 08:28:04 2024 GMT
Not After : Jul 8 08:28:04 2034 GMT
Subject: C = FR, L = Paris, O = Bogus XMSSMT CA
Subject Public Key Info:
Public Key Algorithm: xmssmt
xmssmt public key:
PQ key material:
00:00:00:01:4b:a7:89:11:6f:fc:1d:fb:d3:e7:71:
73:b8:a2:48:ef:53:b9:9d:1f:c6:8a:7c:be:4f:8a:
29:fa:41:fd:bd:da:20:7f:f6:3b:b0:c5:b8:a7:c2:
f2:5a:f2:26:14:eb:36:f0:26:2f:87:74:fb:0e:d5:
7e:17:a0:d1:4d:b6:cf:51
X509v3 extensions:
X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
7C:7D:59:B8:95:61:D5:03:6A:1E:3D:F1:24:AB:1D:ED:
04:CD:DB:5F
X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
7C:7D:59:B8:95:61:D5:03:6A:1E:3D:F1:24:AB:1D:ED:
04:CD:DB:5F
X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical
CA:TRUE
X509v3 Key Usage: critical
Certificate Sign, CRL Sign
Signature Algorithm: xmssmt
Signature Value:
00:00:00:57:c4:98:89:ff:d9:0a:8e:6e:6f:16:95:8c:ec:35:
42:21:c2:ca:56:ed:f8:81:f1:b2:4f:2b:6d:73:f4:37:55:fc:
f4:4e:15:eb:6b:90:de:34:fe:d6:96:70:94:8d:c1:e7:4a:32:
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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
AcknowledgmentsThanks to , , , and
for their helpful suggestions and
reviews.This document uses a lot of text from similar documents, including:
, and , as well as . Thanks goes to
the authors of those documents. "Copying always makes things easier and
less error prone" .Authors' AddressesCryptoNext Securitydaniel.vangeest@cryptonext-security.comBSIkaveh.bashiri.ietf@gmail.comCisco Systemssfluhrer@cisco.comgenua GmbHietf@gazdag.deBSIkousidis.ietf@gmail.com