time2posix(3)

NAME
time2posix, posix2time - convert seconds since the Epoch

SYNOPSIS
#include <time.h>

time_t time2posix(time_t t);

time_t posix2time(time_t t);

cc ... -ltz

DESCRIPTION
IEEE Standard 1003.1 (POSIX) says that time_t values cannot count leap seconds and, therefore, that the system time must be adjusted as each leap occurs.

If the time package is configured with leap-second support enabled, however, no such adjustment is needed and time_t values continue to increase over leap events (as a true value). This means that these values will differ from those required by POSIX by the net number of leap seconds inserted since the Epoch.

For many C programs this is not a problem as the C standard says that time_t is (mostly) opaque – time_t values should be obtained from and passed to functions such as time(2), localtime(3), mktime(3), and difftime(3). However, POSIX gives an arithmetic expression for computing a time_t value directly from a given Universal date and time, and the same relationship is assumed by some applications. Any programs creating/dissecting time_t values using such a relationship will typically not handle intervals over leap seconds correctly.

The time2posix and posix2time functions address this mismatch by converting between local time_t values and their POSIX equivalents. This is done by accounting for the number of time-base changes that would have taken place on a POSIX system as leap seconds were inserted or deleted. These converted values can then be used when communicating with POSIX-compliant systems.

The time2posix function converts a time_t value to its POSIX counterpart, if one exists. The posix2time function does the reverse but is less well-behaved: for a positive leap second hit the result is not unique, and for a negative leap second hit the corresponding POSIX time_t doesn't exist so an adjacent value is returned. Both of these are indicate problems with the POSIX representation.

The following table summarizes the relationship between a time T and its conversion to, and back from, the POSIX representation over the leap second inserted at the end of June, 1993. In this table, X=time2posix(T), Y=posix2time(X), A=741484816, and B=A-17 because 17 positive leap seconds preceded this leap second.

DATE	TIME	T	X	Y
1993-06-30	23:59:59	A	B	A
1993-06-30	23:59:60	A+1	B+1	A+1 or A+2
1993-07-01	00:00:00	A+2	B+1	A+1 or A+2
1993-07-01	00:00:01	A+3	B+2	A+3

A leap second deletion would look like the following, and posix2time(B+1) would return either A or A+1.

DATE	TIME	T	X	Y
????-06-30	23:59:58	A	B	A
????-07-01	00:00:00	A+1	B+2	A+1
????-07-01	00:00:01	A+2	B+3	A+2

If leap-second support is not enabled, local time_t and POSIX time_t values are equivalent, and both time2posix and posix2time degenerate to the identity function.

RETURN VALUE
If successful, these functions return the resulting timestamp without modifying errno. Otherwise, they set errno and return ((time_t) -1).

ERRORS
These functions fail if:

[EOVERFLOW]
    The resulting value cannot be represented. This can happen for posix2time if its argument is close to the maximum time_t value. In environments where the TZ environment variable names a TZif file, overflow can happen for either function for an argument sufficiently close to an extreme time_t value if the TZif file specifies unrealistic leap second corrections.

SEE ALSO
difftime(3), localtime(3), mktime(3), time(2).